Non GamStop Casinos - Best Casinos Not on GamStop Compared

Understanding non GamStop casinos before you compare offers

Casinos not on GamStop are online casino sites licensed outside the UK Gambling Commission's remit, which means the GAMSTOP self-exclusion scheme cannot connect to them. This guide reviews ten such operators, explains how their bonuses, payments and games work, and sets out the licensing and consumer-protection differences a UK reader needs before deciding whether any casino not on GamStop is right for them.

Betmica

Betmica sits at the top of this list on the strength of its welcome package and breadth of slot content. The 570% match up to £5,700 plus 270 free spins is one of the largest headline figures among the casinos not on GamStop covered here, though the multiplier structure means new depositors should read the staged release terms rather than assume the full amount lands immediately.

Pros

• Large welcome match spread across multiple deposits
• Wide slot library from established studios
• Live dealer tables available

Cons

• High wagering multiple on the headline bonus
• Track record limited to recent years
• Independent payout data not yet extensive

Kikibet

Kikibet's 350% offer up to £5,555 with 300 free spins targets slot players who want volume over a single large deposit bonus. The spins allocation is unusually high, which matters for readers comparing slots not on GamStop where spin value depends on the per-spin stake set by the operator rather than the headline count alone.

Pros

• Generous free spins allocation
• Reasonable minimum deposit threshold
• Broad slot catalogue from recognised suppliers

Cons

• Wagering requirement applies across deposit and bonus in most structures of this type
• Limited published data on withdrawal disputes
• Newer brand with a shorter operating history

Betninja

Betninja's £1,000 bonus with 100 free spins is a flatter, simpler structure than the percentage-based offers above, which can make the real value easier to calculate before depositing. This straightforwardness is useful for readers who find multiplier-based welcome packages hard to compare across gambling sites not on GamStop.

Pros

• Fixed bonus amount is simpler to evaluate than percentage offers
• Low minimum deposit for a welcome package of this size
• Comparatively lower wagering multiple

Cons

• Fewer total games than some competitors on this list
• Sportsbook integration, if any, is not independently verified
• Currency conversion terms for non-GBP accounts are unclear from published material

WinnerIsland

WinnerIsland offers a welcome bonus up to €1,000 with 100 free spins, denominated in euros rather than pounds. UK readers considering this among casino sites not on GamStop should check how their deposit is converted into a GBP-equivalent balance, since conversion fees and exchange rates can quietly reduce the advertised value.

Pros

• Recognised live casino content
• Moderate wagering requirement relative to bonus size
• Reasonable free spins package

Cons

• Euro-denominated accounts may involve currency conversion for GBP depositors
• Payout timescale runs longer than some rivals on this page
• Limited independent evidence on withdrawal dispute handling

Zombillion

Zombillion's Welcome Pack of 250% up to £4,000 plus 200 free spins is a mid-tier offer by the standards of this list, but the sterling denomination removes the currency-conversion question that applies to some competitors. This is a practical point for UK players comparing best casinos not on GamStop where GBP accounts genuinely reduce friction.

Pros

• GBP-denominated welcome offer avoids conversion uncertainty
• Reasonably fast stated payout window
• Balanced slot and live casino selection

Cons

• Bonus percentage lower than the top of this list
• Sportsbook presence not independently confirmed
• Limited operating history against which to judge consistency

Smash Casino

Smash Casino's 600% package up to €10,000 is the largest headline figure on this page in absolute terms, aimed squarely at higher-stakes depositors rather than casual players. The size of the offer makes the wagering requirement and cashout cap more consequential than usual, since a large bonus with a restrictive conversion limit can be worth far less than it appears.

Pros

• Very large headline bonus for bigger depositors
• Extensive game library across categories
• Live dealer content from established suppliers

Cons

• Euro account may require conversion for UK depositors
• High wagering multiple typical of large percentage offers
• Cashout cap terms for the maximum bonus tier are not fully published

Nightluck

Nightluck combines an 805% multiplier with €6,400 in bonus funds and 280 free spins, one of the more complex structures reviewed here. Complex multi-tier welcome packages like this typically split across several deposits, so the full amount is rarely available from a single transaction, and readers should check the deposit schedule before assuming the whole sum applies at once.

Pros

• Substantial free spins allocation
• Multi-tier structure rewards repeat deposits
• Wide slot selection

Cons

• Among the higher wagering requirements on this list
• Newest launch date means the shortest track record here
• Payout timescale runs on the slower side of the operators compared

CoinPoker

CoinPoker is positioned differently from the other entries on this page, with a 150% bonus up to $2,000 and a clear focus on poker and cryptocurrency-based play. Readers looking specifically for crypto-friendly gambling sites not on GamStop, rather than a slots-first casino, will find this the most relevant option among the ten reviewed.

Pros

• Longer operating history than most others on this list
• Cryptocurrency-native platform with fast stated payouts
• Lower wagering requirement than most competitors here

Cons

• Smaller slot catalogue than dedicated casino brands
• US dollar denomination requires conversion for GBP players
• Less relevant to readers seeking table games or live casino content

Rivo

Rivo's slots welcome package of 1000% up to €10,000 with 25% cashback is unusual for combining an outsized deposit match with an ongoing cashback element, which can matter more over time than the initial bonus itself. Cashback terms typically apply to net losses over a set period, so the practical value depends on play volume rather than the headline percentage alone.

Pros

• Cashback element adds recurring value beyond the initial bonus
• Very large headline deposit match
• Wide slots-focused game range

Cons

• Cashback qualifying conditions are not fully detailed in published terms
• High wagering multiple on the deposit match
• Euro account currency conversion applies for UK depositors

Daytonaspin

Daytonaspin closes this list with a 255% match up to £4,500 plus 255 free spins, a mid-sized sterling-denominated package. Like Zombillion above, the GBP account removes a layer of currency-conversion uncertainty that affects several euro and dollar-based competitors on this page.

Pros

• GBP account avoids currency conversion for UK depositors
• Substantial free spins package
• Reasonably fast stated payout window

Cons

• Lowest editorial rating on this list, reflecting relatively less differentiation
• Game catalogue smaller than the largest operators reviewed here
• Limited independent evidence on complaint resolution

What are casinos not on GamStop

GAMSTOP is the UK's free multi-operator self-exclusion scheme. Every casino licensed by the UK Gambling Commission must connect to it, meaning one registration blocks a player from all participating UK-licensed sites for the period chosen, from six months up to a permanent exclusion. A non gamstop casino is licensed by a regulator other than the UKGC and therefore has no obligation, and typically no technical connection, to that scheme.

This label is often used loosely alongside "offshore casino" and claims of "no-KYC" play. They are not the same thing. An offshore casino simply means the licence and often the company registration sit outside Great Britain. A non-GamStop casino is specifically one outside the self-exclusion network. Claims of no identity checks are a separate, and frequently misleading, marketing point: most licensed operators, wherever based, run some form of identity verification before paying out, because anti-money-laundering obligations attach to the licence, not to GAMSTOP membership.

Being outside GAMSTOP does not establish that a site is safe, well-run or even legally entitled to accept UK custom. It only establishes that the self-exclusion scheme does not apply there. Readers should treat "not on GamStop" as a description of licensing scope, not a quality mark.

How they differ from UKGC-licensed casino sites

The clearest difference is consumer protection. UKGC-licensed uk online casinos must meet requirements on fund segregation, advertising standards, dispute handling through approved alternative dispute resolution bodies, and mandatory participation in GAMSTOP. A casino not on GamStop, licensed instead in a jurisdiction such as Curaçao, does not carry these specific UK obligations, even where it accepts British customers and lists prices in pounds.

Account controls differ too. UKGC rules require standardised safer-gambling tools: deposit limits, time-outs and mandatory GAMSTOP integration. Offshore operators may offer their own deposit and loss limits, but these are set by the operator's own policy rather than a UK regulatory requirement, and they will not link to the GAMSTOP database.

Bonuses on non-GamStop casino sites are often larger on paper, as the reviews above illustrate, with matches running into several hundred or even a thousand percent. This is commercially possible partly because these operators are not bound by UK advertising and promotions rules that constrain UKGC licensees' bonus marketing. Larger headline figures do not automatically mean better value once wagering requirements are applied.

Payment and game access can also vary. Some casinos not on GamStop support cryptocurrency deposits that UKGC-licensed sites generally do not offer to UK retail customers, while certain UK-favoured methods, such as PayPal, are less commonly available offshore. Game libraries at both types of site typically draw from the same major software studios, so the practical difference in game quality is often smaller than the difference in regulatory protection.

None of this means every offshore-licensed site is problematic, nor that every UKGC licensee is flawless. It means the protections, complaint routes and account safeguards differ by category, and readers should evaluate each casino on its own licence and terms rather than assume either category is uniformly safer.

How we reviewed these non GamStop casinos

Each entry on this page was assessed against published information covering ownership, licensing, bonus terms, payment methods and game catalogues. Where an operator's corporate ownership is not clearly disclosed, that is a limitation of the available evidence rather than a confirmed problem, and readers should factor that uncertainty into their own decision.

Licence verification means checking which regulator issued the licence, whether the number quoted matches the operating domain, and whether the licensing authority publishes a searchable register. Clear terms means checking whether wagering requirements, game contributions and cashout caps are stated in plain figures rather than vague language. Complaint patterns and customer support quality are difficult to verify independently without a broad sample of player experiences over time, so this page does not claim first-hand testing of support responsiveness; readers should treat any such claims from an operator's own marketing with caution.

Account controls checked include the presence of deposit limits, loss limits, self-imposed time-outs and account closure options, since these features indicate whether an operator provides at least some safer-gambling functionality even outside the GAMSTOP framework.

Assessing new casinos not on GamStop

A new casino not on GamStop is a newly launched gambling website, which is distinct from a new online casino company that may have been operating under other brands or the same corporate group for years. Several operators on this page, including Nightluck and WinnerIsland, launched relatively recently, which means there is less operating history to draw on when judging consistency of payouts or long-term terms stability.

Limited track record is not automatically a red flag, but it does mean claims about payout reliability and customer service carry less supporting evidence than for a longer-established brand. Specific red flags worth checking on any new site include: a licence number that does not match the operating domain, contact details that lead nowhere verifiable, bonus terms published only after account registration, and an absence of any named licensing authority at all.

Common licences behind casinos not on GamStop

Curaçao casinos not on GamStop are the most common category among offshore-licensed operators. The Curaçao licensing framework was consolidated under a single regulator, the Curaçao Gaming Authority, replacing the earlier system of multiple master licence holders. It permits a wide range of casino and betting products and has historically been comparatively fast and inexpensive to obtain relative to European licences, which is part of why so many gambling sites not on GamStop hold one.

Malta's licence, issued by the Malta Gaming Authority, is generally regarded as a stricter European framework with more detailed player-protection requirements than Curaçao's, including specific rules on advertising and dispute handling. Not every operator accepting UK players not on GamStop holds a Malta licence, and readers should check the specific licence number quoted against the regulator's own public register rather than assume a jurisdiction name on a footer is accurate or current.

Other jurisdictions that appear among non-GamStop operators include Anjouan, part of the Union of Comoros, which introduced online gambling licensing more recently and offers a lower-cost alternative to Curaçao; Tobique, a licensing authority associated with a First Nation in Canada that has issued gambling licences to online operators; Kahnawake, issued by the Kahnawake Gaming Commission based in Mohawk Territory in Quebec, one of the longer-standing indigenous gambling regulators; Panama, which has licensed online gambling for decades through its Gaming Control Board; and Estonia, whose licence is issued by the Estonian Tax and Customs Board and is generally considered a more tightly regulated EU framework than Curaçao or Anjouan.

Each of these licensing bodies differs in what it requires of operators and what recourse it gives players. Curaçao, Anjouan and Tobique are generally lighter-touch than Malta or Estonia in their ongoing compliance requirements. Kahnawake and Panama sit somewhere between, with longer operating histories but less standardised public reporting than EU regulators.

The single most useful check any reader can make is confirming that the licence number displayed on a casino's website matches, exactly, the domain and legal entity listed on the regulator's public register. A licence number that belongs to a different domain, or a legal entity name that does not match the operator shown at checkout, is a meaningful warning sign regardless of which jurisdiction is named.

Casino bonuses at non GamStop casinos explained

The offers reviewed above range from simple fixed amounts to complex multi-tier percentage matches. Understanding what each type actually delivers requires looking past the headline figure to the conditions attached.

Welcome bonuses

A welcome bonus is the first-deposit reward new players receive, typically structured as a percentage match capped at a maximum amount, as seen across most of the operators on this page. Some, like Betmica and Nightluck, spread the match across several qualifying deposits rather than a single one, so the full headline amount is rarely credited from one transaction alone.

Deposit bonuses

Deposit bonuses work on the same principle as welcome offers but can apply to subsequent deposits, not just the first. The percentage matched and the maximum cap are the two figures that matter; a 100% match up to £50 is worth less in absolute terms than a 50% match up to £500, despite the lower headline percentage.

Free spins

Free spins are a fixed number of spins on specified slot titles, usually at a set stake value determined by the operator rather than the player. Several operators here, including Kikibet with 300 spins and Nightluck with 280, offer larger allocations, but the per-spin value and the wagering attached to any winnings generated matter more than the raw spin count.

No-deposit offers

A no-deposit bonus grants a small amount of bonus funds or spins without requiring any deposit at all. None of the offers reviewed on this page are presented as no-deposit bonuses; all require a qualifying deposit to activate, which readers should note if a no-deposit offer specifically is what they are searching for.

Cashback bonuses

Cashback returns a percentage of net losses over a defined period. Rivo's 25% cashback alongside its deposit match is the clearest example on this page. A worked illustration: if a player deposits and loses a net £200 over the qualifying period, a 25% cashback would return £50 in bonus funds, itself typically subject to a further wagering requirement before withdrawal.

Loyalty rewards

Loyalty programmes reward ongoing play with points, tier upgrades or periodic bonuses rather than a one-off welcome incentive. Published detail on loyalty structures across the operators reviewed here is limited, so this remains an area where readers should check the specific casino's own terms rather than assume a scheme exists or matches industry norms.

Worked wagering example

Take a £100 deposit matched at 250%, giving £250 in bonus funds, with a 40x wagering requirement applied to the bonus only. The player must wager £250 × 40 = £10,000 in qualifying stakes before withdrawing winnings from that bonus. If the requirement instead applies to deposit plus bonus (£350), the target rises to £14,000. Game contribution matters here too: if slots count 100% but table games count only 10%, £100 staked on roulette contributes only £10 toward that target, making slots the far faster route to clearing wagering. Maximum bonus bet limits, often £5 or £10 per spin or hand, can also void winnings if breached, and bonus expiry dates, commonly between seven and thirty days, mean unclaimed or unwagered funds are forfeited if the deadline passes. Cashout caps, sometimes set as a multiple of the bonus amount, place a ceiling on how much of the winnings generated from bonus funds can actually be withdrawn.

Payment methods at casinos not on GamStop

Deposit availability and withdrawal availability are not the same thing at any casino. A method that accepts deposits instantly may not be offered for withdrawals at all, or may carry a slower processing stage. Always check both directions before relying on a specific method.

Debit card payments

Debit cards remain widely accepted for deposits at UK casinos not on GamStop, typically processing instantly. Withdrawals back to a debit card can take longer, often one to five business days, because card refunds settle through the card network rather than the operator's own systems.

Bank transfers

Bank transfers work for both deposits and withdrawals but are generally the slowest method for getting money out, sometimes taking several business days to clear, particularly where the transfer crosses currencies.

E-wallets

E-wallets such as Skrill and Neteller are common at offshore casinos and usually offer faster withdrawal processing than cards or bank transfers once an operator approves the request, because the settlement leg is handled within the wallet network rather than a card scheme.

PayPal availability

PayPal availability at casinos not on GamStop is inconsistent and should not be assumed. PayPal's own merchant policies restrict which gambling operators it works with, and offshore-licensed casinos are less likely to be approved PayPal merchants than UKGC-licensed sites. None of the operators reviewed on this page should be assumed to support PayPal without checking their current payment page directly.

Cryptocurrency payments

Cryptocurrency deposits and withdrawals, commonly Bitcoin and Ethereum, are a feature at several offshore operators and are central to CoinPoker's offering specifically. Crypto withdrawals can be faster than fiat methods because they bypass traditional banking settlement, though value is exposed to price movement between deposit and withdrawal, and few UK banks will facilitate large crypto-to-bank conversions without additional checks.

Prepaid vouchers

Prepaid voucher methods, most notably Paysafecard, allow deposits without a linked bank account or card, which is why paysafe casinos not on GamStop are frequently searched for by players who prefer not to link banking details directly. Prepaid vouchers are almost always deposit-only; they cannot receive a withdrawal, so an alternative method is needed to cash out.

What a GBP account actually means

A casino offering GBP accounts lets UK players deposit and hold funds in pounds without currency conversion at the point of transaction. Several operators reviewed here, including Betmica, Zombillion and Daytonaspin, list bonuses in sterling, while others, such as WinnerIsland, Smash Casino, Nightluck and Rivo, quote figures in euros, meaning a UK depositor's card provider or the casino itself will apply a conversion rate, and potentially a fee, at the point of deposit or withdrawal. This can quietly reduce the value of an otherwise attractive bonus, so checking the account currency before depositing is a worthwhile step.

Withdrawals, KYC checks and account restrictions

A stated payout time, such as the "24-48 hours" figures listed in the review tables above, describes the operator's own approval stage, not the total time before funds reach a player's account. Casino approval and payment settlement are two separate steps: the operator first reviews and authorises the withdrawal request, then the payment provider or bank processes the actual transfer, which can add further days depending on the method chosen.

KYC, or Know Your Customer identity verification, is standard practice even at casinos not on GamStop, because anti-money-laundering obligations are typically tied to the gambling licence itself rather than to GAMSTOP membership. Expect to submit proof of identity, such as a passport or driving licence, and proof of address, such as a recent utility bill, usually triggered at or before the first withdrawal request. Source-of-funds checks, which ask a player to demonstrate where deposited money came from, are more likely to apply to larger withdrawal amounts or unusual deposit patterns, and can add significant delay if documentation is not readily available.

Withdrawal limits vary by operator and sometimes by verification tier, with unverified accounts often capped lower until identity checks are complete. Bonus-related restrictions can also delay or block a withdrawal entirely: if wagering has not been fully cleared, or if a maximum bet limit was breached while bonus funds were in play, an operator may void the associated winnings.

Common causes of delay include incomplete or blurry identity documents, a withdrawal method that does not match the original deposit method, and pending wagering requirements the player did not realise were still active. Where a withdrawal dispute arises, the escalation route depends entirely on the operator's licence. A UKGC-licensed casino must direct unresolved complaints to an approved alternative dispute resolution provider. A casino not on GamStop, licensed instead in Curaçao, Anjouan or another offshore jurisdiction, may offer its own internal complaints process or point to the licensing authority's own dispute mechanism, but these routes are generally less standardised and, in some cases, less independently enforceable than the UK system.

None of this means non-GamStop operators never pay out or never verify identity. It means "not on GamStop" says nothing about verification rigour or payout speed, and any claim of instant or guaranteed withdrawals should be treated as a marketing claim rather than a tested fact.

Games not on GamStop

Slots not on GamStop

Slot libraries at the operators reviewed here range from roughly 1,500 titles at CoinPoker, which is poker-focused, up to over 4,000 at Betmica and Smash Casino. Popular slot titles commonly found across offshore casino libraries include Book of Dead, Gates of Olympus and Sweet Bonanza, though exact catalogue contents vary by operator and change over time, so a specific title's presence should be checked on the casino's own game list rather than assumed from this guide. Return to player, or RTP, figures are version-specific: the same slot title can carry a different RTP depending on which studio build a casino has licensed, so a headline RTP quoted in marketing material may not match the exact version live on a given site. Slot volatility, meaning how frequently and how large wins tend to land, also varies by title and is a separate consideration from RTP; a high-RTP, high-volatility slot can still produce long losing streaks between larger wins.

Live dealer and table games

Live dealer games, streamed from studios with real dealers, are offered by most operators reviewed here, typically supplied by Evolution Gaming, which appears across Betmica, WinnerIsland, Smash Casino and Rivo's provider lists. Table games such as blackjack, roulette and baccarat are available in both live-streamed and standard RNG-based formats. RNG versions use a random number generator rather than a live dealer, and the same caution about version-specific RTP applies here too, since different providers' blackjack or roulette variants carry different house edges.

A large advertised game count or a recognisable provider logo on a casino's homepage is not, by itself, proof of game quality or fairness. Regional availability of specific titles can also differ between operators even when they license from the same studio, so a game confirmed at one casino not on GamStop should not be assumed to be live at another simply because both list the same provider.

Game providers behind casinos not on GamStop

The software studios behind casino games are largely shared between UKGC-licensed and non-GamStop operators, since most major providers supply content to both regulated and offshore markets. Pragmatic Play, one of the most widely distributed slot studios, appears across the majority of operators reviewed on this page, including Betmica, Betninja, Zombillion, Smash Casino, Nightluck, Rivo and Daytonaspin. Evolution Gaming, the dominant name in live dealer casino content, supplies the live tables at Betmica, WinnerIsland, Smash Casino and Rivo.

NetEnt and Play'n GO both contribute slot content across several of the reviewed operators, known respectively for series such as Starburst and Book of Dead-style adventure slots, though exact title availability should be checked per casino. Playtech, one of the longest-established suppliers, appears in Betninja's provider list and brings a mix of slots, table games and branded content. Novomatic, known for classic-style fruit and bar slots, supplies Betmica, Betninja and Zombillion among the operators here. Big Time Gaming, the studio behind the Megaways mechanic used across many high-volatility slots, appears in Kikibet's provider list. Microgaming, one of the oldest online casino software providers, is listed at Kikibet and Smash Casino.

A provider's presence in an operator's stated provider list indicates that studio's content should be available, but it does not guarantee every title from that studio's catalogue is live, nor that the specific game version matches the highest RTP configuration that studio has released elsewhere.

Sports betting at non GamStop casinos

Not every casino not on GamStop offers sports betting, and this guide has not independently verified sportsbook functionality for each of the ten operators reviewed above; readers should check each brand's own site for a live sportsbook before assuming one exists. Where a combined casino and sportsbook account is offered, it typically means a single login and, often, a shared wallet, so casino and sports balances draw from the same funds rather than being held separately.

Where a sportsbook is present, expect coverage of major sports and, increasingly, esports betting on competitive gaming titles. Pre-match betting allows wagers placed before an event starts, while in-play betting allows wagers during the event itself, with odds adjusting as the action unfolds. Singles are single-selection bets; accumulators combine multiple selections into one bet where all legs must win; bet builders let a player combine several markets within a single match into one bet, such as combining a correct scoreline with both teams to score. Cash-out, where offered, allows a player to settle a bet early for a value calculated by the operator before the event concludes, sacrificing potential full winnings for certainty.

Sports free bets differ meaningfully from casino bonuses. A free bet's stake is typically not returned if the bet wins; only the net winnings are paid out, unlike a casino bonus which is credited as playable funds. Free bets usually carry a minimum qualifying odds requirement, commonly around 1.50 or higher in decimal odds, meaning a bet placed at shorter odds may not qualify for the promotion. Free bets also carry their own expiry dates, often shorter than casino bonus expiry windows, and are typically restricted to specific markets or sports rather than any bet a player chooses.

Self-exclusion at casinos not on GamStop

Registering with GAMSTOP blocks access to UK Gambling Commission-licensed operators only; it has no technical reach into a casino not on GamStop, which is precisely the licensing gap this guide has explained throughout. This should never be read as an invitation to use offshore sites to work around a self-exclusion decision. If you have self-excluded, that decision was made for a reason, and opening an account elsewhere undermines the protection you put in place for yourself.

Some non-GamStop casinos operate their own deposit limits, loss limits and time-out tools independently of GAMSTOP, but these are set by each operator's own policy rather than a UK regulatory requirement, and they will not automatically extend to sister brands under the same corporate group or to any linked sportsbook product unless the operator specifically confirms shared account controls. A GAMSTOP exclusion period, whether six months, one year or five years, only lifts access back to UKGC-licensed sites at expiry; it was never a barrier to offshore operators in the first place.

If gambling is causing harm, GamCare provides free, confidential support through the National Gambling Helpline, and gambling-blocking software is available to restrict access to gambling sites, including many operating outside GAMSTOP, at the device or network level. These tools exist independently of any single casino's own account controls.

Conclusion

Choosing between casinos not on GamStop comes down to checking the licence against its public register, reading the exact wagering, contribution and expiry terms behind any bonus, and confirming which payment methods actually support withdrawals rather than deposits alone. The operators reviewed above differ meaningfully on bonus structure, account currency and stated payout speed, but published evidence on long-term complaint handling and payout consistency remains limited across most of them. No operator on this page is presented as risk-free, and readers should weigh licensing jurisdiction, bonus conditions and their own gambling limits before depositing anywhere. For further questions, readers can get in touch with us.